Breastfeeding or Oral Sucrose Solution Free Essay Example, 500 words

ï » ¿ Breastfeeding or Oral Sucrose Solution Introduction The pain is the presence of mild, annoying or extremely severe feeling triggered in the nervous system. The individual may experience pain in a particular region of the body or he may suffer from whole body ache. The unpleasant feeling of pain implies that our body requires attention and may indicate medical problem that needs treatment. This sensation is very important to take care of our body and for our well being. Thus, pain is a crucial component of our body’s defense mechanism and prevents further damage to the body. Pain causes both physical and psychological disturbances. Pain perceived by each individual is different, therefore can be referred as subjective sensation. Pain sensation plays an important role in early warning to safeguard interests of our body as well as assist in repair mechanisms. Neonates are not able to express their pain effectively since they are not able to talk. Therefore, it becomes difficult to assess and manage the pain in neonates. The safet y and efficacy of pain management techniques is always worrisome issue for the health care professionals who care for neonates and parents of newborns (preterm to 1 month of age). We will write a custom essay sample on Breastfeeding or Oral Sucrose Solution or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For the pain assessment in interm and preterm neonates, the diverse ranges of validated and trustworthy pain measures are available. The behavioral pain symptoms include facial expression, body movements, crying etc. and physiological signs of pain include changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation etc. The composite measures include the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), CRIES, and Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS). The PIPP includes facial expressions and physiological indicators. In CRIES assessment technique, Crying, the Requirement for oxygen supplementation (for SaO2 >95%), Increase in heart rate and blood pressure, facial Expression and Sleeplessness is monitored. In NIPS scale, the movements of arms and legs, and state of arousal are also additionally monitored in neonates (American Academy Of Pediatrics, 2000). Brief summaries There are multimodal approaches available which might help to relieve pain to produce adequate, reliable and satisfactory therapy in neonates. Breastfeeding or oral sucrose solution in term neonates receiving heel lances Heel lance is a painful diagnostic test for neonatal screening using automated piercing device to detect specific congenital disorders. The analgesic effect of breastfeeding and orally administered sucrose solution (1 ml of 25% sucrose solution) was studied during blood sampling through heel lance in open-label, randomized, controlled trial at a neonatal unit. Median Premature Infant Pain Profile scores were lower in the breastfeeding group (3.0) than in the sucrose-solution group (8.5), and the median group difference was –5.0. The median heart rate increase, oxygen saturation decrease, and duration of first cry for the breastfeeding group were, respectively, 13.0, –1, and 3 and for sucrose group were 22, –3, and 21. Medians were significantly different between the groups. There were no significant differences in the sampling duration and numbers of heel lances. It has been reported that during acute pain rating scale of the Premature Infant Pain Profile, the b reastfeeding group scores are less (3.0) than in the sucrose-solution group (8.5), with median group difference was –5.0. The increase in median heart rate, decrease oxygen saturation and duration of first cry for breastfeeding neonates 13.0, –1, and 3 and for sucrose therapy individuals were 22, –3, and 21 respectively. It has been concluded that for pain resulting from heel lance, the breastfeeding has great pain reduction power than oral sucrose therapy in term neonates (Codipietro, Ceccarelli, & Ponzone, 2008). Skin to skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns The effect of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their healthy newborns in terms of pain reduction during heel lance is evaluated. It has been found that crying and grimacing were reduced by 82% and 65%, respectively in skin contact intervention technique than control infants (swaddled in crib). Also, decrease in the heart rate was observed in skin contact intervention technique. Therefore, it has been concluded that skin to skin contact intervention technique has analgesic in healthy newborns (Gray, Watt, & Blass, 2000). The role of endogenous opioids in mediating pain reduction by orally administered glucose among newborns It has been suggested that the administration of sweet-tasting solutions like glucose before any painful procedure alleviates pain in newborns due to activation of endogenous opioids. To evaluate this mechanism the effect of intravenous administration of opioid antagonist (naloxone hydrochloride 0.01 mg/kg) was studied in randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind trials undergoing heel stick. In control group saline solution was administered as placebo. Pain scores on Premature Infant Pain Profile and heart rate were same. The median crying time during the first 3 minutes was 14 seconds (range: 0–174 seconds) for the naloxone group and 105 seconds (range: 0–175 seconds) for the placebo group. It was concluded that opioid antagonist is not responsible for decrease in analgesic activity of glucose solution in newborns (Gradin & Schollin, 2005). Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose compared with local anesthetic cream It has been suggested that the local anesthetic application of EMLA cream is safe and effective in neonates. The analgesic effect of EMLA cream and orally administered sucrose solution (1 ml of 25% sucrose solution) was studied during venipuncture in newborns in randomized, controlled double-blind trial at a neonatal unit. It was investigated that premature Infant Pain Profile scores were less in the glucose group 19.3% (mean: 4.6) compared with the EMLA group 41.7% (mean: 5.7). The median crying time during the first 3 minutes was 1 second than in the EMLA group where observed median was 18 seconds. Therefore, it was concluded that the pain associated with venipuncture in newborns is considerably reduced with orally administered glucose than the local anesthetic cream EMLA. Conclusion There is always a great concern about the safety and efficacy of pain management techniques in neonates. There are multimodal approaches available which might help to relieve pain to produce adequate, reliable and satisfactory therapy in neonates. The pain resulting from heel lance, the breastfeeding has great pain reduction power than oral sucrose therapy in term neonates. The skin to skin Contact intervention technique has analgesic in Healthy newborns. The opioid antagonist is not responsible for decrease in analgesic activity of glucose solution in newborns. The pain associated with venipuncture in newborns is considerably reduced with orally administered glucose than the local anesthetic cream EMLA. References American Academy Of Pediatrics (2000). Prevention And Management Of Pain And Stress In The Neonate. Pediatrics, 105(2), 454 – 461. Codipietro, L., Ceccarelli, M., Ponzone, A. (2008). Breastfeeding or Oral Sucrose Solution in Term Neonates Receiving Heel Lance: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 122, e716-e721 Gray, L., Watt, L., Blass, E. M. (2000). Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns. Pediatrics, 105 (1), e14 Gradin, M. and Schollin, J. (2005). The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Mediating Pain Reduction by Orally Administered Glucose Among Newborns. Pediatrics, 115(4), 1004 – 1007. Gradin, M., Eriksson, M., Holmqvist, G., Holstein, A., Schollin, J. Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose compared with local anesthetic cream. Pediatrics, 110(6), 1053 – 1057.

Epicurus And The Greatest Good - 1354 Words

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who established a school focused on a life of simplicity and moderation. His philosophy centered on what he deemed the great good which was pleasure. Plato, another Greek philosopher was the best-known follower of Socrates. Plato was the man that transcribed the teachings of Socrates and continued to use Socrates as a character in his philosophies through dialogues similar to how we had seen him before his death. In Plato’s Republic he has Socrates say, â€Å"those who make pleasure their good are in †¦ perplexity; for they are compelled to admit that there are bad pleasures as well as good.† (Cpk 119 top) While in the Letter to Menoeceus Epicurus says, â€Å"Pleasure, we declare, is the beginning and the end of the happy life. We are endowed by nature to recognize pleasure as the greatest good.† (Cpk 140 middle) In this paper I will discuss why Epicurus thinks that pleasure is the greatest good, why Plato dissents, and final ly argue what I believe to be the most reasonable answer. Epicurus believes pleasure is the greatest good because it is the only way to completely fulfill ones life on this earth. Epicurus is inclined to philosophize in this way as he believed that there was no after life or immortal soul, leading pleasure full self-fulfillment to be the only rational conclusion for the greatest good on earth. 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Sand trap free essay sample

Sand Trap From the very first time I was given a Tonka truck, with its movable dump bed and dozer blade, I was hooked on civic planning. At my grandparent’s house, I would spend hours in the sand box that had been made when I commandeered one end of a horseshoe pit for digging. Massive highways stretched across the pit as sand castle skyscrapers rose and fell; cities of my design grew and crumbled. In the years before high school, football and marching band, tests and grades, that is how I spent my time, in a world of my design. I have never really let go of my civil engineering ambitions. No longer do I spend the road trip to my grandparent’s house planning the next great, grainy masterpiece, but I do envision how things can be better. Backed up traffic intersections and bungled construction projects send me into thinking about how the projects could progress faster be cheaper and safer, and how I could makes them that way. We will write a custom essay sample on Sand trap or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hours of time in that sand box, and even more sitting on my bicycle watching as the houses around mine were constructed, have left me with a desire to control the plans our society is built upon. It impressed upon the need to work to shape our physical infrastructure into optimal condition. In school, I have always excelled in math and truly enjoyed science, and especially history. My high school years have had a slew of challenges, between balancing homework and football, and dealing with a broken writing hand a month and a half before I took the SAT’s. Even so always I strive to improve the quality of my homework, and every semester is better that the next. This is the first year I am confident enough to write AP essays, to be what I am as a person in the real world, and that growth should continue into my college career. As my life has progressed, I have learned always to stick with things that I get right. I make friends perhaps less freely than some, but once someone is my friend, I am loyal and trusting of them, and they to me, and we have a real, lasting friendship. Football tested me, honors classes overworked me, and band hurt my ears, but I stuck with it, just like I still hold my childhood fascination with civil engineering. This strength of character, the power stay with it till my efforts reach fruition, will, I believe, make me and excellent college student. That, combined with my longstanding curiosity about shaping our world, is what will make me a great civil engineer some day soon.

How to overcome barriers to effective communication free essay sample

Communication in business is the passing on of ideas and information and building relationships in this way, however in the process of doing so sometimes some issues and conditions may arise that might hinder the ideas and information being passed on from being understood clearly these are what we refer to as communication barriers. Therefore, its very important to identify the barriers of business communication to get your message across clearly. Organizational communication involves formal and informal communications throughout an organization. This branch of communications considers an organizations communications to employees, with employees and from employees to upper management. When a business or organization does not establish clear communication policies, define roles or provide training for better communications, this can result in several barriers to effective communication. The communication barriers that may arise in an organization include the following; No/Poor Communication Strategy. When organizations fail to establish consistent communication materials and policies for employees, this can lead to a major breakdown in organizational communication. For example a salesperson who is unclear about features and benefits of the organizations products may not meet projected sales goals. When clear communication guidelines and policies are not established, this may cause serious problems for the organization. One-way Communication. Organizations should not just be concerned with communication that flows from upper management to employees only , but also from lower level employees to upper management so that they can issue their issues, concerns and ideas Processes must be established so that employees can report grievances, cases of sexual, verbal or physical harassment, and suggestions for improvement. In a recent article, Ann Meyer of the Chicago Tribune refers to the results of surveys conducted at 54 companies between January and August of 2010, which showed that in addition to pay raises and other favorable employment conditions, workers wanted increased communication. Non-responsiveness to employees When organizations solicit feedback from employees and then disregard the information they receive or take long to give feedback, this will hinder communication within the organization, but also lead to mistrust which will always hinder any future communication made since attitude of the employees will be bad . According to Meyer, Convergint Technologies did an employee-engagement survey in 2009 and gave each of its 860 employees $100 cash for a fun-and-laughter personal day, based on the suggestion from one of its employees. Companies who are not responsive to employee feedback therefore create a barrier for effective organizational communication and risk losing out on employee loyalty, commitment, satisfaction and engagement. Using the Wrong Communication Channel. When the wrong communication channel is used the message may not be understood clearly or it may bring about a lot of confusion. Different situations may require different communication channels therefore it is advised that the communication channel being employed is fit for the message being communicated. For example sensitive issues like layoffs and terminations are best communicated face-to-face, while other situations like performance reviews and behavioral issues should be documented so they can be reviewed in the future. Distance Distance is a major communication barrier especially for those organizations that have offices in various geographic locations and although teleconferencing has provided assistance in bridging communication gaps between business associates in different geographic locations, it is often viewed as less effective than meeting face-to-face. Part of the problem is from being unable to read facial expressions and body language (non-verbal communication), which can lead to misinterpreted reactions. Culture. Culture can be a big communication barrier for businesses working across cultures especially international/Global organizations. Without any training it is easy to fail to recognize the effect that difference in culture which entails language, environment, social history, conceptions of authority and nonverbal communication has on communication. According to an Inc. article, ethnocentrism leads to the belief that your way of conducting business is logical, when in reality that logic stems from your own cultural upbringing. Distractions. Business interactions must take place in an environment where both parties are able to pay attention to one another free of distractions. Having a television or radio on, the constant noise of sirens or bells, poor technological connections, poor internet connections, the temperature of the room and even the appearance of the speaker can be distracting to an audience. While not all distractions can be avoided, its important to eliminate as many as possible so that your message comes through effectively. Perceptual barriers. Many times ,employees grow accustomed to perceiving things in particular ways, making it difficult to recognize new meanings. For example, a manager who prefers hiring Havard graduates may overlook the exceptional contributions that could be made by a USIU graduate. Differing life experiences, interests and values may prevent two employees from perceiving an event the same way and due to invalid perceptions, an employee may recommend incorrect solutions. Gender barriers. Although these have become less of an issue in recent years, there is still the possibility for a man to misinterpret the words of a woman, or vice versa because men and women tend to form their thoughts differently therefore this must be taken into account when communicating. Although some communication barriers may not be easy to overcome especially those that are perceptual or emotional ,most of others can be solved if they are addressed properly and these include the following; A closed door approach or a business culture where only the very few get the whole story can lead to problems in communications, and developing an honest and open line of discussion can help improve the situation. Therefore, to solve the problem of non-responsiveness to employees which brings about a lack of trust, building an atmosphere of transparency, where leadership provides details behind decisions, can improve communications, even where trust has been fractured. Management can take steps to open up communications by providing an honest opportunity for staff, customers or shareholders to discuss business operations candidly with the possibility of change to occur based on that discussion. Also organizations can organize unofficial activities such that employees get to interact with their managers on a social basis to break the tension which will make working together and communication easier . Secondly , to solve the barrier of use of a wrong communication channel, Regardless of the scenario, companies must carefully consider what channel will be used to reduce confusion, increase clarity and ensure uniformed and actual delivery of the message to all employees who need to receive it. The barrier of geographical distance can be solved by using the recent technological advances in combining the Internet, video conferencing and multimedia technology assist in bridging this gap so that business associates have the ability to put a name to the face and to better comprehend the nature of their conversations. Although this may be expensive in the short run it makes communication much easier. In business, communications systems can go awry when different departments or divisions do not talk to each other. Departments can assume the other side knows what is happening but, without frequent and consistent messaging, communications can be ineffective. Arrange regular meetings, updates, reports or emails to provide the latest information to keep all departments in the loop. Provide as much information as necessary and institute an open door policy to keep communications running smoothly between departments, divisions or even between those on your own work team. Gather employees and openly discuss the communication barriers that have arisen. All parties involved should understand the goal is to resolve the communication issues to improve the work environment. To solve the culture barrier organizations can hire appropriate cultural consultants and teach employees about intercultural communication. Translators can also be hired if necessary, to communicate effectively across different cultures and in this case language specifically. In business, employees sometimes lack motivation as a result of unclear communication about their roles in an organization. Its vital for people to feel driven by a purpose, and when you educate employees on how their company plays a role in a larger commitment, those employees are more likely to feel motivated about doing their jobs well. Additionally, a lack of recognition is problematic in retaining employees. Conveying appreciation for work that is done well is important to keeping the best workers. To solve the problem of distractions, management of such organizations should try to eliminate as many distractions as possible so that your message comes through effectively. For example ensuring that there is working air conditioning at all times and sound proof walls to block all unwanted noise, sirens from outside. In conclusion, Business is all about building relationships, but without effective communication its nearly impossible to create those relationships on a strong foundation. Therefore, its vital to identify the barriers of business communication to get your message across clearly. By being sensitive to the needs of your business associates, you will have an easier time communicating.

Oppenheimer And The Atomic Bomb Essays - McCarthyism,

Oppenheimer And The Atomic Bomb Julius Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer was a brilliant physicist and known as the ?Father of the Atomic Bomb?. A charismatic leader of rare good qualities and commonplace flaws, Oppenheimer brought an uncommon sensibility to research, teaching, and government science. After help creating the atomic bomb with the Manhattan Project he was banned from the U.S. Government during the McCarthy Trials. He opposed the idea of stockpiling nuclear weapons and was deemed a security risk. Oppenheimer's life reveals the conflict between war, science and how politics collided in the 1940's through the 1960's. His case became a cause celebre in the world of science because of its implications concerning political and moral issues relating to the role of scientists in government. Oppenheimer, the son of German immigrants, who had made their fortune in textiles, had the

Surplus and Surplice

Surplus and Surplice Surplus and Surplice Surplus and Surplice By Maeve Maddox The fashion term â€Å"surplice neckline† recently came to my attention. The term applies to a diagonally crossed neckline that creates a deep v-shaped neckline. The surplice style is thought of as a â€Å"faux wrap,† a cross-over design that makes the garment look as if it is wrapped around the wearer. Unlike a wrap-around garment, the faux wrap is sewn in place. Perhaps it is this â€Å"extra† piece of cloth that causes some advertisers to misspell surplice as surplus: Dress like a goddess in this gorgeous gown made in sheer chiffon and designed with a surplus neckline Emily West Girls Surplus Neckline Floral Dress Get Deals Arden B. Womens Lace Back Surplus Neckline Tank Julian Taylor Womens Printed Surplus Neckline Dress surplus: more than sufficient; extra Before I learned the fashion term, my only acquaintance with the word surplice was the wide-sleeved white ecclesiastical garment worn by priests and altar boys over a cassock. The earliest documentation for the noun surplice in the OED is from a manuscript dated c1290. The word entered English from Anglo-Norman surpliz, which derived from medieval Latin superpellicium. By 1382, the word could also mean any â€Å"ample or enveloping† garment. The literal meaning of the Latin word was â€Å"over the fur garment.† In winter, medieval churches were cold and drafty. Apparently the priest bundled up in a practical fur tunic or robe and wore the priestly garment over it. Finally, surplice and surplus, are pronounced differently: surplice [SUR-pliss] surplus [SUR-plus] Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Email Etiquette150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the Essay

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the organization - Essay Example These objectives could both be short term as well as long term – both looking to stabilize the working capital of the organization and its different tenets. (Cappelli, 1999) To be effective within a business communication setting, there is a need to have proper and sound policies when it comes to e-mail communication, cross cultural exchange and lastly correct usage of diversification within an organization. E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. (Jackson, 2007) Any organization would dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. Cultural differences have been the root cause of the ever-increasing number of issues related with various cultures merged at a single place. It has been going on for a long time and researchers, though trying their best, have not been able to find a suitable remedy for the problem. There are definitely some guidelines attached with the smooth interaction and transfer of cross-cultural issues but they are hard to come by and even harder to implement at the work place, more so if the employees are not that comfortable with the same. (York, 1994) Cross cultural awareness is increased within the companies and its people through effective managers who can bridge the gap between them culturally and socially. It is adopted through extremely viable work styles, cultures and practices within the office work place. Productive relationships between employees result in a better understanding of the business in general and amongst the cross-cultural factions